Big Ones International Vol 10 No 03 UK 1999
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Take the expat assignment process. Executives know that negotiation tactics and marketing strategies can vary from culture to culture. Most do not believe, however, that the variance is sufficient to warrant the expense of programs designed to select or train candidates for international assignments.
Over the past several years, we have concentrated on examining the small number of companies that have compiled a winning track record in the process of managing their expats. Their people overseas report a high degree of job satisfaction and back that up with strong performance. These companies also hold on to their expats long after they return home. GE Medical Systems, for example, has all but eliminated unwanted turnover after repatriation and has seen its international sales expand from 10% to more than 50% of its total sales during the last ten years.
When making international assignments, they focus on knowledge creation and global leadership development. Many companies send people abroad to reward them, to get them out of the way, or to fill an immediate business need. At companies that manage the international assignment process well, however, people are given foreign posts for two related reasons: to generate and transfer knowledge, to develop their global leadership skills, or to do both.
They assign overseas posts to people whose technical skills are matched or exceeded by their cross-cultural abilities. Companies that manage expats wisely do not assume that people who have succeeded at home will repeat that success abroad. They assign international posts to individuals who not only have the necessary technical skills but also have indicated that they would be likely to live comfortably in different cultures.
They end expatriate assignments with a deliberate repatriation process. Most executives who oversee expat employees view their return home as a nonissue. The truth is, repatriation is a time of major upheaval, professionally and personally, for two-thirds of expats. Companies that recognize this fact help their returning people by providing them with career guidance and enabling them to put their international experience to work.
The damage, however, was already done and the myth was spread to many different parts of the world, especially Western Europe and North America. In the UK, for example, the MMR vaccination rate dropped from 92% in 1996 to 84% in 2002. In 2003, the rate was as low as 61% in some parts of London, far below the rate needed to avoid an epidemic of measles [23]. In Ireland, in 1999-2000, the national immunization level had fallen below 80%, and in part of North Dublin, the level was around 60% [24]. In the US, the controversy following the publication of the study led to a decline of about 2% in terms of parents obtaining the MMR vaccine for their children in 1999 and 2000. Even after later studies explicitly and thoroughly debunked the alleged MMR-autism link, the drop in vaccination rates persisted [25].
Further, studies liken the decision to object to vaccinations to military service drafts. For the conscientious objectors, military duty and receiving a vaccine hold the same costs: liberty, personal risk, and utility in terms of time [41]. Naturally, the costs of military duty are more taxing and demand more from an individual than receiving a vaccine. In terms of herd immunity and depending on the severity of impending diseases, these costs are ones that they should incur for the benefit of themselves as well as society.
Through its broad programs in epidemiology, genetics, statistics, and related areas, the intramural Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG) carries out population-based and interdisciplinary research both nationally and internationally to discover the genetic and environmental determinants of cancer. DCEG is uniquely positioned to conduct value-added epidemiologic research projects that are high-risk in nature and require (a) long-term commitments of scientific staff and funding support through contracts, (b) a coordinated national programmatic approach, or (c) a rapid response to emerging public health or scientific issues. The Division develops multi-disciplinary infrastructures and resources for use throughout the scientific community, including database management software for genome-wide association studies, biospecimen inventories, family-based studies, a variety of software packages for exposure assessment, and interactive cancer mortality atlases to generate leads into the environmental determinants of cancer. DCEG also has a firm commitment to training the next generation of scientists, and has trainees from the predoctoral to postdoctoral stage. The research conducted by the Division often provides a scientific basis for public health recommendations and policies.
The Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program consists of five branches that conduct independent and collaborative epidemiologic and biostatistical investigations to identify the distribution, characteristics, and causes of cancer in human populations. The Program investigates demographic variation in the occurrence of cancer by age, race, gender, geography, and over time. Special emphasis is placed on the carcinogenic effects of occupational and environmental exposures, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, dietary and metabolic factors, medicinal agents such as hormones, infectious agents, and host factors including genetic susceptibility to cancer-causing exposures. The Program also develops biostatistical methods for family-based and population-based studies on cancer etiology and prevention.
NCI established the Center for Cancer Genomics (CCG) in 2011 to develop and apply genome science to improve the diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients. CCG promotes collaborations of national and international agencies, academic researchers, and community physicians to foster research based on genomes, gene expression, proteomics, and other technologies to usher in a modern era of integrated and individualized prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer, while ensuring responsible use of genetic information. Through research on the structure and function of the molecular make-up of human tumor cells and the human genome, researchers funded by CCG have identified many genes involved in cancer that are informing knowledge of biologic function, drug development, and DNA-based diagnostics.
CGH conducts and supports international cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other relevant biomedical research programs. It coordinates collaborations and partnerships with other agencies and organizations engaged in efforts to improve global health. Research programs and initiatives include: Cancer Control Planning, Capacity Building, and Cancer Research and Research Networks.
Textual Records: Records of the Philippine and Southeast Asia Divisions, 1929-53. Records of the Division of Far Eastern Affairs, 1932-41. Records of the Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs, 1942-58. Records of the Division of Chinese Affairs, 1944-50. Central File of the Office of East Asian Affairs, 1947-64. Historical Reports relating to China and Sri Lanka, 1949-76. Records relating to Kashmir, 1950-64. Records relating to Korea, 1952-66. Subject files relating to U.S. policy toward communism in the Far East, 1953-65. Top secret files relating to the Republic of China, 1954-65. Records relating to Japan, 1955-66. Records relating to John B. Hollister's trip to Southeast Asia, 1955. Records relating to Australia, New Zealand, and Southwest Pacific Islands, 1958-66. Briefing books relating to the Vietnam situation, 1961-66. Records relating to Laos, 1962-66. Records relating to Ceylon, 1962-64. Records relating to Iran, 1962-67. Records relating to the Republic of China, 1963-66. Records relating to Indonesia, 1963-66. Records relating to Nepal, 1963-66. Records relating to the economic and political affairs of India, 1963-66. Subject files of the Vietnam Working Group, 1963-66. Records relating to Malaysia and Singapore, 1963-66. Subject file of U.S. foreign policy in Asia, 1964-66. Records relating to Burma, 1964-66. Records relating to the Philippines, 1964-66. Records relating to Thailand, 1964-66. Subject files of the Regional Office for Far Eastern Affairs, 1964-66. Records relating to Vietnam, 1964-67. Records relating to Communist China, 1964-66. Records Relating to Cambodia, 1964-67. Records relating to U.S. and British cargo seized by India and Pakistan, 1965-67. Records relating to North Korea, Japan, and the Republic of China, 1966. Vietnam prisoner of war and missing in action files, 1966-1979. Korean crises ("Pueblo Crisis") files, 1968.
Textual Records: Records of Harley A. Notter, adviser for United Nations Affairs, 1939-50 (including 14 rolls of microfilm). Records Relating to the International Labor Organization, 1932-51. Records of the Office of United Nations Affairs, 1940-54, which include files of Alger Hiss, 1940-46; files of Herbert A. Fierst, Special Assistant to the Director of the Office of United Nations Affairs, 1946-54; and a Palestinian subject file, 1946-49. . Records Relating to the Red Cross and Geneva Conventions, 1941-67. Records of the Division of International Conferences, 1944-47. Records of the Bureau of International Organization Affairs and its predecessors, 1945-74; Conference documents: trilateral talks, November 9-10, 1966. Records relating to international labor matters, 1948-70. Records relating to select countries and a subjects, 1949-67. Position papers for United States delegations to the United Nations, 1953-65. Subject files of the Office of International Security Policy and Planning, 1969-71. Records of the Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, 1971-72.
Textual Records (in College Park): Records relating to the Arctic and Antarctica, 1912-65. Accompanying the maps described below, and consisting of files of Geographers Lawrence Martin, 1920-24, and S.W. Boggs, 1924-54, which include correspondence and diaries; worksheets compiled during Works Progress Administration research projects relating to 19th century sightings of islands in the Central Pacific; a bibliography on polar regions, American possessions, and international boundaries; and World War II ship sinkings. Accompanying the maps described below, and consisting of records of participation by the Division of Map Intelligence and Cartography in the Inter-American Geodetic Survey and other committees on international map standardization and coordination, ca. 1943-52. Records relating to Antarctica and Antarctic exploration, 1930-55. Records relating to Pacific Islands exploration and sovereignty claims, 1934-54. 781b155fdc